A Failure to attend antenatal classes.

[Feedback :- Antenatal care can improve outcomes for both mother and babies and identify mothers at risk of postnatal depression, which is the most important factor.]

B Elective caesarean section.

[Feedback :- The rates of elective caesarean section continue to increase; however, there is no evidence that this impacts upon mother–infant bonding significantly.]

C Parental decision to formula feed.

[Feedback :- Although breastfeeding should be encouraged, for those parents who decide to formula feed there is no evidence to suggest that the decision impacts negatively upon bonding.]

D Postnatal depression.

This is the Correct Answer

[Feedback :- Postnatal depression is the most common cause of abnormal mother–infant bonding.]

E Antenatal counselling after fetal abnormality diagnosed.

[Feedback :- Although there is often grieving after the diagnosis, there is some evidence to suggest antenatal counselling improves bonding.]